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Mining Dictionary

Mining has given rise to potentially hundreds of terms for processes, techniques and equipment, many of these terms vary by region or were specific to the type of mine.

In an attempt to create a good mining dictionary / lexicon any registered AditNow member can add new terms.

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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

A

Abutment	In coal mining, (1) the weight of the rocks above a narrow roadway is transferred to the solid coal along the sides, which act as abutments of the arch of strata spanning the roadway; and (2) the weight of the rocks over a longwall face is transferred to the front abutment, that is, the solid coal ahead of the face and the back abutment, that is, the settled packs behind the face. Click here to discuss Abutment in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:05:29 by Clunk)
Acid mine water	Mine water that contains free sulphuric acid, mainly due to the weathering of iron pyrites. Click here to discuss Acid mine water in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:06:47 by Clunk)
Active workings	Any place in a mine where miners are normally required to work or travel and which are ventilated and inspected regularly. Click here to discuss Active workings in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:07:32 by Clunk)
Adit	A nearly horizontal passage from the surface by which a mine is entered and dewatered. A blind horizontal opening into a mountain, with only one entrance. Click here to discuss Adit in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:08:16 by Clunk)
Advance	Mining in the same direction, or order of sequence; first mining as distinguished from retreat. Click here to discuss Advance in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:08:55 by Clunk)
Adventurer	Old name for a shareholder, as working the mine was considered an adventure. Click here to discuss Adventurer in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 13:59:21 by carnkie)
Agglomeration	A family of processes which can be used to concentrate valuable minerals (including coal) based on their adhesive properties. Click here to discuss Agglomeration in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:09:37 by Clunk)
Air leg	Telescopic cylindrical prop expanded by compressed air, used to support a rock drill and control drilling rate. Click here to discuss Air leg in the forum (last modified 29/01/2008 16:21:28 by Gwyn)
Air split	The division of a current of air into two or more parts. Click here to discuss Air split in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:10:24 by Clunk)
Airshaft	Also known as a "Smokehole" a shaft driven to the surface purely for ventilation purposes Click here to discuss Airshaft in the forum (last modified 26/06/2007 13:19:10 by Colonel Mustard)
Airway	Any passage through which air is carried. Also known as an air course. Click here to discuss Airway in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:10:59 by Clunk)
Alluvial tin	Tin found in the alluvium of a river valley. It was washed by the action of water from the surface outcrop of tin lodes into the nearest river valley over millenia. Click here to discuss Alluvial tin in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:03:00 by carnkie)
Alluvium	Debris including rock, sand and clay deposited in a river valley Click here to discuss Alluvium in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:01:07 by carnkie)
Anemometer	Instrument for measuring air velocity. Click here to discuss Anemometer in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:11:31 by Clunk)
Angle Bob	A simple lever-based device using which the direction of a reciprocal motion (of pump rods, flat rods) could be changed (for example from horizontal to vertical) Click here to discuss Angle Bob in the forum (last modified 27/06/2007 22:50:23 by Colonel Mustard)
Angle of dip	The angle at which strata or mineral deposits are inclined to the horizontal plane. Click here to discuss Angle of dip in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:11:59 by Clunk)
Angle of draw	In coal mine subsidence, this angle is assumed to bisect the angle between the vertical and the angle of repose of the material and is 20° for flat seams. For dipping seams, the angle of break increases, being 35.8° from the vertical for a 40° dip. The main break occurs over the seam at an angle from the vertical equal to half the dip. Click here to discuss Angle of draw in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:12:34 by Clunk)
Angle of repose	The maximum angle from horizontal at which a given material will rest on a given surface without sliding or rolling. Click here to discuss Angle of repose in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:13:09 by Clunk)
Anker	Small barrel. Click here to discuss Anker in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 11:54:36 by carnkie)
Anthracite coal	Of the four types of coal, anthracite is the hardest and contains the highest heat value. It is almost pure carbon and is used mainly for home heating and cooking. In some developing countries, it is also used for industrial purposes. Click here to discuss Anthracite coal in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:13:48 by Clunk)
Anticline	An upward fold or arch of rock strata Click here to discuss Anticline in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:14:17 by Clunk)
Anvil	A hard stone on which large stones are broken. Click here to discuss Anvil in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 11:55:32 by carnkie)
Aquifer	A water-bearing bed of porous rock, often sandstone. Click here to discuss Aquifer in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:14:47 by Clunk)
Arching	Fracture processes around a mine opening, leading to stabilization by an arching effect. Click here to discuss Arching in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:15:21 by Clunk)
Arsenic Flu	As the name suggests a flu that is elongated (see also "Labyrinth") as a means of obtaining Arsenic soot from calcined ore that can be sold as a byproduct. Click here to discuss Arsenic Flu in the forum (last modified 08/03/2008 16:29:18 by jr48)
Arsenopyrite	An important arsenic ore. Also kmo as mispickel or mundip - chemical composition iron- arsenic sulphide. Click here to discuss Arsenopyrite in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:05:00 by carnkie)
Assay hatch	Exploration pit dug to search for lode outcrop. If the crop was found the hatch became an access shaft. Click here to discuss Assay hatch in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:06:37 by carnkie)
Assay House	The mine laboratory, where samples or ore were analysed for their mineral content Click here to discuss Assay House in the forum (last modified 03/01/2008 17:45:50 by Mr Mike)
Assaying	Method used to determine the metal content of the ore. Click here to discuss Assaying in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:07:35 by carnkie)
Attal	Refuse parts of workings. Click here to discuss Attal in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 11:56:08 by carnkie)
Auger	A rotary drill that uses a screw device to penetrate, break, and then transport the drilled material (coal). Click here to discuss Auger in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:16:05 by Clunk)
Azimuth	A surveying term that references the angle measured clockwise from any meridian (the established line of reference). The bearing is used to designate direction. The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line. Click here to discuss Azimuth in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:16:58 by Clunk)

B

Back	The roof or upper part in any underground mining cavity. Click here to discuss Back in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:17:58 by Clunk)
Backfilling	When old mine working (worked out stopes and chambers) are re-filled with waste rock, to save it being removed from the mine. This can also be used as roof supporting, false floors, and walling to keep back underground tips stc... Click here to discuss Backfilling in the forum (last modified 22/06/2007 16:29:41 by LAP)
Bailiff	The man responsible for the day-to-day running of a stannary district. He was answerable to The Steward of the stannary. Click here to discuss Bailiff in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:09:25 by carnkie)
Bal	A word used since medieval times for a group of tin bounds. Thought to be related to the Cornish word pal, or a shovel, hence digging. By the 18th century referred to a mine. Click here to discuss Bal in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:13:29 by carnkie)
Bal maid	Term used for female mine surface workers who were engaged in copper and tin dressing. Click here to discuss Bal maid in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:14:28 by carnkie)
Balance Bob	A large counterweighted lever attached to the shaft pump rods and used to offset their weight and thus reduce the work of a pumping engine to lifting water alone. A surface balance bob would be mounted adjacent to the shaft on a pair of plinths or on a masonry support at ground level (balance bob mounting), the attached counterweight - a large box filled with scrap iron or rocks - working in an adjacent stone-lined pit. Other balance bobs would be installed in chambers cut into the rock adjacent to the shaft wall as needed to counterbalance the weight of the pump rods, especially on a deep shaft.. Click here to discuss Balance Bob in the forum (last modified 27/06/2007 22:41:32 by Colonel Mustard)
Ball Mill	Cylindrical rotating mill in which ore was crushed into finer material by the use of metal balls in water. Click here to discuss Ball Mill in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:10:54 by carnkie)
Banded veins	Veins made up of layers of different materials parallel to the walls. Click here to discuss Banded veins in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 11:57:57 by carnkie)
Banjo	Leicestershire coal miners name for the large shovel used to load coal from the coal face onto the conveyor. Click here to discuss Banjo in the forum (last modified 01/04/2008 12:27:43 by carnkie)
Barite (Barytes)	Barium sulphate (BaSO4). Used as a heavy additive in oil-well-drilling mud, in the paper and rubber industries, as a filler or extender in cloth, ink, and plastics products and in radiography. Click here to discuss Barite (Barytes) in the forum (last modified 27/08/2007 03:42:59 by Jimbo)
Barracks	Building where miners lived through the working week. Click here to discuss Barracks in the forum (last modified 22/06/2007 10:25:50 by Barney)
Barren	Said of rock or vein material containing no minerals of value, and of strata without coal, or containing coal in seams too thin to be workable. Click here to discuss Barren in the forum (last modified 09/09/2007 19:18:54 by Clunk)
Baryte	Barium sulphate. Click here to discuss Baryte in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:15:10 by carnkie)
Bate	The line of cleavage in a slate block Click here to discuss Bate in the forum (last modified 11/07/2007 23:18:14 by Colonel Mustard)
Beam work	An east Cornwall word for an openwork, where the load was worked from surface as a trench. See Coffin. Click here to discuss Beam work in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:16:55 by carnkie)
Beneficiation	The practice of processing ore(usually by crushing and density separating in water or air) to improve the ore grade to the point at which it can be smelted. Click here to discuss Beneficiation in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:19:30 by carnkie)
Beu-heyl	Live stream; rich for tin. Click here to discuss Beu-heyl in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 11:58:47 by carnkie)
Binder	Timber man. Click here to discuss Binder in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 11:59:12 by carnkie)
Bing	A measurement of weight applied to mined material. Approx 400kg Click here to discuss Bing in the forum (last modified 26/06/2007 23:37:03 by Colonel Mustard)
Bingstead	Storage bay for dressed lead ore Click here to discuss Bingstead in the forum (last modified 25/06/2007 17:56:59 by sparty_lea)
Bitting On	Notts. mining term for impending roof collapse.See also Godsend Click here to discuss Bitting On in the forum (last modified 31/12/2007 02:10:26 by Bones)
Black jack	Sphalerite, Zinc sulphide, an ore of zinc. Click here to discuss Black jack in the forum (last modified 25/06/2007 18:01:58 by sparty_lea)
Black Tin	Tin ore washed and cleaned for smelting. Click here to discuss Black Tin in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 11:59:54 by carnkie)
Blondin	A wire rope, supported by wooden towers, where a system of pulleys would raise, move and lower rock. Click here to discuss Blondin in the forum (last modified 22/06/2007 10:28:05 by Barney)
Blowing-house	A building containing a tin-smelting furnace. From art least the 13th century Cornish blowing-houses had a water-wheel which powered the bellows used to increase the heat of the furnace. From the end of the 17th century they were gradually replaced by reverberatory furnaces. Click here to discuss Blowing-house in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:22:59 by carnkie)
Borer	Old name for drill steel. Click here to discuss Borer in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:23:38 by carnkie)
Boring machine	A 19th-century name for a compressed air-powered rock drill. Click here to discuss Boring machine in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:24:56 by carnkie)
Bound	The area in which tinners worked. Its boundaries or bounds were marked by piles of turfs which were renewed every year when the bounds were re-registered at an itinerant stannary court. Tin bounds almost always had names and the tinners' names were registered upon payment of a small fee. Click here to discuss Bound in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:35:49 by carnkie)
Bouse	Lead ore straight from the mine Click here to discuss Bouse in the forum (last modified 26/06/2007 23:50:42 by Colonel Mustard)
Bouse Team	A building or container for storing mined material Click here to discuss Bouse Team in the forum (last modified 26/06/2007 23:38:26 by Colonel Mustard)
Bowk.	A large iron barrel used when sinking a shaft. (see also, kibble) Click here to discuss Bowk. in the forum (last modified 29/01/2008 16:27:07 by Gwyn)
Bowl furnace	Early furnaces of simple construction for smelting tin and other metals. The furnace consisted of a pit dug in the ground covered by a domed, stone-built structure. It was lined with clay, had a small tuyere or opening to receive a draft and an opening in the top to allow smoke and fumes to escape. The tin concentrate (cassiterite, or black tin) was placed in the furnace with charcoal and heated to a high temperature by means of a draft or hand-operated bellows. Click here to discuss Bowl furnace in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 14:34:26 by carnkie)
Bucking	The breaking down of copper ore on an anvil to about 10mm in diameter by bal-maids using small hammers, after which the ore was separated from the waste by hand. This process followed cobbing, in which it had been broken down to about 25mm in diameter, the waste again being hand removed. These processes, through which the majority of the highest quality copper ore was recovered, took place within roofed structures called bucking houses. Click here to discuss Bucking in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:27:36 by carnkie)
Buddle	Circular pit where ore is seperated from waste rock. Click here to discuss Buddle in the forum (last modified 22/06/2007 10:29:02 by Barney)
Buddle-work.	The treatment of finely ground tin-bearing sands by gentle sluicing, in which a heavier fraction of the fed pulp is built up (buddled) while the lighter fraction flows to discard. This is continued until a satisfactory concentrate is produced. Click here to discuss Buddle-work. in the forum (last modified 15/01/2008 15:30:01 by Gwyn)
Burning House	Construction with a furnace for burning off unwanted arsenides and sulphides. Used from at least the 16th century, particularly as more load matrerial was being processed. Click here to discuss Burning House in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:30:19 by carnkie)

C

Caban	A small shelter built by the miners usually used as a place of rest and lunch. Built from waste rock. Click here to discuss Caban in the forum (last modified 22/06/2007 10:31:55 by Barney)
Cage	Modern conveyance for carrying men up and down a shaft. Originally referred to the drum carrying the rope of the hoisting gear. Click here to discuss Cage in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:32:40 by carnkie)
Calamine	An ore of zinc. It was used with copper to produce brass, and its presence in the mendips close to the early 18th century Bristol brass foundries helped to establish the brass industry there. Click here to discuss Calamine in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:37:36 by carnkie)
Calciner	Furnace for roasting ore to remove arsenides and sulphides. William Brunton's and other 19th century calciners were also designed to remove arsenic to be sold. Click here to discuss Calciner in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:39:27 by carnkie)
Calcite	Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a common gangue mineral found associated with ore minerals. Calcite is the principal component of limestones, marble and other calcareous sedimentary rocks. Click here to discuss Calcite in the forum (last modified 27/08/2007 03:36:46 by Jimbo)
Calish	Sedimentary rock. Click here to discuss Calish in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 12:13:24 by carnkie)
Call	In the cost-book system of mine management it was frquently necessary to ask adventurers for money to keep the mine going. The amount asked for depended on the number of shares the adventurer owned. The demand for this money was knwn as a 'call'. Click here to discuss Call in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:41:47 by carnkie)
Caple	A stone somewhat similar to limestone which comprises the walls of most lodes. Click here to discuss Caple in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 12:11:53 by carnkie)
Capstan	Winch for hoisting heavy gear up and down the shaft. Click here to discuss Capstan in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:43:18 by carnkie)
Carbonas	Irregular offshoots of minerals from lodes. Click here to discuss Carbonas in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 12:12:44 by carnkie)
Cassiterite	Tin dioxide (SnO2), an ore of tin. Used to coat so-called “tin” cans, since tin does not oxidize (rust) in air or water. Also used for alloys such as bronze/pewter and in electrical applications as mainly low-melting-point solders. Click here to discuss Cassiterite in the forum (last modified 27/08/2007 02:40:19 by Jimbo)
Caunter	When two lodes intersect, one is said to be caunter to the other diagonal lode. Click here to discuss Caunter in the forum (last modified 21/03/2008 12:14:44 by carnkie)
Chalcopyrite	Copper iron sulphide (CuFeS2), an ore of copper. Used in electric cables and wires, switches, plumbing, heating, roofing and building construction, chemical and pharmaceutical machinery, alloys (brass & bronze), alloy castings, electroplated protective coatings etc. Click here to discuss Chalcopyrite in the forum (last modified 27/08/2007 03:41:56 by Jimbo)
Chamber	Slightly larger than a stope; an area of ore or rock, which has been developed enough that the stope or flat (in the case of ore mining) becomes a chamber. Most slate mines are worked using chambers, as are many limestone mines, depending on how much good quality vein material there is. Click here to discuss Chamber in the forum (last modified 21/06/2007 21:11:42 by LAP)
Chute	Timber or steel structure for facilitating the loading of wagons underground. Usually erected in short 'box-hole' raises beneath stopes. 'Cousin Jacks' was the name given to a widely used design of chute as colonials saw them as typically Cornish. Click here to discuss Chute in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:46:32 by carnkie)
Clack	Non-return valve in the rising main of a typical Cornish pitwork. So called because of the sound it made when closing as the pump rod paused and the weight of water closed the valve. Click here to discuss Clack in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:48:53 by carnkie)
Clog	A lump of slate taken from the quarry face Click here to discuss Clog in the forum (last modified 11/07/2007 23:20:58 by Colonel Mustard)
Closehead	The Cumbrian name given to an underground slate mine. Click here to discuss Closehead in the forum (last modified 21/06/2007 21:15:14 by LAP)
Coffin	Old Cornish word for an open work, where the lode has been worked from the surface as a trench. Click here to discuss Coffin in the forum (last modified 16/10/2007 16:50:41 by carnkie)
Combed Ore	Veins made up of layers of different materials parallel to the walls. Click here to discuss Combed Ore in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:19:15 by carnkie)
Concentrate	Dressed ore ready for smelting Click here to discuss Concentrate in the forum (last modified 26/06/2007 23:39:13 by Colonel Mustard)
Conglomerate	Consolidated gravel, pebbles , and boulders in a cementing fine-grained matrix. Click here to discuss Conglomerate in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:20:31 by carnkie)
Contortion	Crumbling and twisting of stratified rocks. Click here to discuss Contortion in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:21:37 by carnkie)
Core	Division of time, shift. Usually 8 hours, with three cores per day. If work is difficult with water or bad air, four or six hours were usual. Click here to discuss Core in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:23:20 by carnkie)
Costean	Shallow pit to trace or find tin. Click here to discuss Costean in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:24:12 by carnkie)
Count House	House or room on mine where adventurers transact their business. Click here to discuss Count House in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:25:09 by carnkie)
Country Rock	The rock containing the load fissue. Click here to discuss Country Rock in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:25:42 by carnkie)
Courses of Ore	Deposits of ore having small vertical but considerable lateral extent. Click here to discuss Courses of Ore in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:27:03 by carnkie)
Creazes	Work of dressing tin in middle part of the buddle. Click here to discuss Creazes in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:28:01 by carnkie)
Crop	Ore of tin dressed and cleaned for smelting. Finest black tin. Average value of ratio 1 : 2 of white tin; second quality called Rows-ratio 3 : 10. Click here to discuss Crop in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:30:09 by carnkie)
Cross cut	Access tunnel driven to cut a lode Click here to discuss Cross cut in the forum (last modified 22/06/2007 10:34:25 by Barney)
Cross-Course	A fault crossing a mineral vein, often terminating or displacing the vein. Click here to discuss Cross-Course in the forum (last modified 26/06/2007 12:58:22 by Colonel Mustard)
Crystallisation	Assumption by matter of a definate geometrical form. Click here to discuss Crystallisation in the forum (last modified 22/03/2008 17:31:11 by carnkie)

D

Day Level	A level driven directly from the surface Click here to discuss Day Level in the forum (last modified 27/06/2007 19:35:12 by Colonel Mustard)
Dead ground	Ground without mineral values. Click here to discuss Dead ground in the forum (last modified 29/03/2008 11:00:27 by carnkie)
Dead Men	Miners working on jobs that did not produce ore. Examples include Level driving and Walling Click here to discuss Dead Men in the forum (last modified 26/06/2007 23:40:54 by Colonel Mustard)
Deads	Waste rock stacked in the roof or walls Click here to discuss Deads in the forum (last modified 22/06/2007 10:24:21 by Barney)
Decking	An unlikely and painful event caused by descending off the bottom of your SRT rope. Click here to discuss Decking in the forum (last modified 30/06/2007 14:24:14 by Wormster)
Derrick	A sexton, digger or miner. Click here to discuss Derrick in the forum (last modified 29/03/2008 11:01:07 by carnkie)
Dib	North Pennine term for an inclined drift Click here to discuss Dib in the forum (last modified 25/06/2007 18:03:26 by sparty_lea)
Dip	The angle of inclination of beds or strata measured in relation to a horizontal line. Click here to discuss Dip in the forum (last modified 29/03/2008 11:05:51 by carnkie)
Dippa	A pit or hole sunk in the lode to collect water to be drawn out by small barrels; also a pit sunk in a bunch of ore. Click here to discuss Dippa in the forum (last modified 29/03/2008 11:03:36 by carnkie)
Dislocation	The displacement of rocks on either side if a fissue-a fault. Click here to discuss Dislocation in the forum (last modified 29/03/2008 11:07:01 by carnkie)
Dol	Any part or share of the adventure of tin ore. A meadow divided into shares was called a dol meadow. Click here to discuss Dol in the forum (last modified 29/03/2008 11:08:34 by carnkie)
Dolly tub	A hand-operated gravity separation device for dressing ore. Click here to discuss Dolly tub in the forum (last modified 28/06/2007 23:28:44 by sparty_lea)
Dowsing	The determination of vein location from the surface using a forked twig or pendulum Click here to discuss Dowsing in the forum (last modified 30/07/2007 13:30:01 by Colonel Mustard)
Dreg	Brake: "You could stop a moving tub by spoking its wheels with a 'dreg'" Click here to discuss Dreg in the forum (last modified 27/08/2007 02:18:09 by Jimbo)
Dresser	A person who superintends the boys at a stamping mill, or men, boys and girls in the copper bal commonly called pickers, cobbers and jiggers. The man who directs the various manuductions and lotions of ore for sale. Click here to discuss Dresser in the forum (last modified 29/03/2008 11:11:11 by carnkie)
Dressing	Separating ore from waste rock and gangue minerals Click here to discuss Dressing in the forum (last modified 25/06/2007 17:58:56 by sparty_lea)
Drift	The entrance tunnel to a mine, though unlike adits drifs are always inclined. Many coal and hematite mines are drifs, as well as some slate mines, namely ones on the velley floor. Many mines also have internal drifs - driven downwards in the vein, as well as drift-coss-cuts. Click here to discuss Drift in the forum (last modified 21/06/2007 21:14:21 by LAP)
Drumhouse	Structure built to support the winding mechanism at the head of an incline. Click here to discuss Drumhouse in the forum (last modified 22/06/2007 10:35:26 by Barney)